Method of and system for signal analysis in a wireless communications system

ABSTRACT

A method of and system for calibrating a repeater in a wireless communications system are provided. The one or more calibration parameters for the repeater are derived from (a) time measurements derived from one or more signals relayed by the repeater and received at a plurality of different measurement positions, and (b) the positions of the measurement locations. In one application, the one or more parameters are used in determining the positions of subscriber stations in the wireless communications system.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/937,454 entitled “Method of and System forCalibrating a Repeater,” filed on Nov. 8, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No.8,081,990, issued on Dec. 20, 2011, which is a continuation of andclaims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/366,960, entitled“Method of and System for Calibrating a Repeater,” filed on Feb. 14,2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,295,808, issued on Nov. 13, 2007, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/408,611,entitled “Method of and System for Calibrating a Repeater,” filed onSep. 5, 2002, assigned to the assignee of the present application. Allof the applications and patents recited above are expressly incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The disclosed subject matter relates to the fields of positiondetermination and wireless communications, and more specifically, toposition determination in a wireless communications system that employsrepeaters.

RELATED ART

Repeaters are a flexible and cost effective way to extend coverage orfill coverage gaps in wireless communications systems. They may also beused to render a particular pilot dominant within a coverage area of aCDMA system that is subject to many pilots. Examples of areas whererepeaters typically prove useful for adding or extending coverage areterrain variations such as valleys, tunnels and buildings. For a smallfraction of the cost of full base stations, repeaters are appropriatefor use in new as well as well-established and mature networks.

There are several implementations of repeaters. In the most commonimplementation, the repeater acts as a bi-directional amplifier as shownin FIG. 1. On the forward (down) link, the repeater 104 receives atransmission from donor cell base station (BTS) 102, amplifies it andsends it to the subscriber station (SS) 106. The BTS 102 may be an omnistation or a sector in a multi-sector cell. On the reverse link, the SS106 sends a signal to the repeater 104. The repeater 104 amplifies thesignal and sends it to the BTS 102. As can be seen, the repeater relaysa reliable signal between the donor cell and the subscriber station inan area that may not otherwise have reliable coverage.

Pursuant to an FCC mandate, efforts are underway to equip subscriberstations with the capability of determining their locations fromtransmissions received from various reference sources, such as GPSsatellites, base stations, or combinations of GPS satellites and basestations. The subscriber station receives transmissions from four ormore references sources whose precise positions are known. Thesereference sources are synchronized to system time. The subscriberstation then derives a time measurement from each of the transmissions.The time measurement represents the amount of time required for thesignal to travel along a line-of-sight path between the reference sourceand the subscriber station. This time is commonly referred to as the“propagation time”. The subscriber station then provides these timemeasurements to a position determination entity (PDE). In response, thePDE estimates the location of the subscriber station from (a) these timemeasurements, (b) the known speed of light, and (c) the known locationsof the reference sources. Alternatively, the subscriber station usesthis information to determine its own position.

The presence of repeaters in a wireless communications system can renderthe position determination process ambiguous. For example, due to thepresence of repeaters, there is a danger that a subscriber station willerroneously assume a transmission originating from a base station butrelayed by a repeater is a line-of-sight transmission from the basestation. Since a time measurement derived from this transmission willoverstate the propagation time between the base station and thesubscriber station, an estimate of the location of the subscriberstation based on this time measurement will be erroneous.

This problem may be further explained with reference to FIG. 2. Asshown, subscriber station 212 receives transmissions from four referencesources, comprising GPS satellite 202, BTS 204, GPS satellite 206, andBTS 206. Each of the transmissions from sources 202, 204, and 206 is aline-of-sight transmission. However, there are two transmissionsreceived from BTS 208. The first, identified with numeral 214, isreceived directly from BTS 208. The second, identified with numeral 216,is routed through repeater 210. Both transmissions from BTS 208 aremodulated with the same PN code uniquely identifying BTS 208. Thetransmission 216 routed through the repeater 210 is stronger thantransmission 214, and hence is chosen by the subscriber station 212 foruse in the position determination process in lieu of the transmission214.

The subscriber station 212, upon receiving the transmissions,erroneously identifies the transmission 216 relayed by repeater 210 as aline of sight transmission from BTS 208. Therefore, it also erroneouslyidentifies the time measurement derived from this transmission as beingrepresentative of the propagation time between the BTS 208 and thesubscriber station 212. However, this time measurement is notrepresentative of this propagation time, but in fact overstates it.Consequently, a position estimate based on this time measurement will beerroneous.

SUMMARY

A method of calibrating a repeater in a wireless communications systemis described. In one embodiment, the method begins by receiving a signalat each of several different measurement locations. Each signaloriginates from the same originating transmitter and is relayed by therepeater prior to being received at the measurement location. Timemeasurements are then derived from each of the signals. Each of the timemeasurements represents the time between transmission of the signal atthe originating transmitter, and arrival of the signal at themeasurement location. The positions of the measurement locations areeither known or obtained. Calibration parameters for the repeater arethen derived from (a) the time measurements, and (b) the positions ofthe measurement locations.

In one implementation, the calibration parameters for the repeatercomprise (a) a time correction for the repeater, and (b) the position ofthe repeater. Both parameters are derived through application of aninverse triangulation procedure to time measurements derived fromsignals received at four different measurement locations. The signalsall originate from the same donor base station and are each relayed bythe repeater before being received at the measurement locations.

The time measurements derived at these four locations may be referred toas m_(i), where 1≦i≦4. Each time measurement m_(i) can be expressed as:

m _(i)=Δ+τ₁=τ_(R)=τ_(2i)   (1)

where:

τ₁=the forward link delay between the originating transmitter and therepeater

τ_(R)=the repeater self delay

τ_(2i)=the forward link delay between the repeater and the receiver atmeasurement location i

Δ=the offset between system time and time at the originating transmitter

Assuming that the position of the repeater has the unknown coordinates(x_(R), y_(R), z_(R)), and the position of measurement location i hasthe known coordinates (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)), the relationship betweenthe time measurement the coordinates of the position of the repeater,and the coordinates of the position of measurement location i may beexpressed as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{m_{i} = {\Delta + \tau_{1} + \tau_{R} + {\frac{1}{c}\sqrt{\left( {x_{i} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{i} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{i} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

where c is the speed of light.

Note that (2) represents four separate equations, one for each of themeasurement locations. These four equations can be solved for fourunknowns. The first three unknowns are the coordinates of the positionof the repeater (x_(R), y_(R), z_(R)). The fourth unknown is the timecorrection τ_(T) associated with the repeater, where τ_(T)=Δ+τ₁+τ_(R).

In one example, these four equations are differenced to form thefollowing three equations:

$\begin{matrix}{{c\left( {m_{2} - m_{1}} \right)} = {\sqrt{\left( {x_{2} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{2} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{2} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}} - \sqrt{\left( {x_{1} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{1} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{1} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}} & (3) \\{{c\left( {m_{3} - m_{1}} \right)} = {\sqrt{\left( {x_{3} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{3} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{3} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}} - \sqrt{\left( {x_{1} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{1} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{1} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}} & (4) \\{{c\left( {m_{4} - m_{1}} \right)} = {\sqrt{\left( {x_{4} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{4} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{4} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}} - \sqrt{\left( {x_{1} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{1} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{1} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

Solving equations (3), (4) and (5) yields (x_(R), y_(R), z_(R)), thecoordinates of the position of the repeater. Substituting thesecoordinates into any of the four equations represented by equation (2)yields the time correction τ_(T). The position of the repeater and thetime correction for the repeater form the calibration parameters for therepeater.

In one application, these calibration parameters are stored forsubsequent use in determining the positions of subscriber stations. Inthis application, the subscriber station receives a signal that istypically a composite of several component signals from referencesources visible to the subscriber station. The subscriber stationderives a time measurement from one of the component signals. This timemeasurement represents the time between transmission of the componentsignal by the reference source and arrival of the signal at thesubscriber station. The subscriber station also analyzes the signatureof the composite signal to determine whether the component signal wasrelayed by a repeater.

If so, a PDE in communication with the subscriber station obtains thecalibration parameters for the repeater from a database. In oneembodiment, these calibration parameters consist of a time correctionfor, and position of, the repeater. The PDE corrects the timemeasurement using the time correction for the repeater. The correctedtime measurement then represents the amount of time required for thesignal to travel between the repeater and the subscriber station(commonly referred to as the “propagation time”). If τ_(O) refers to theoriginal time measurement, τ_(T) refers to the time correction for therepeater, and τ_(C) refers to the corrected time measurement, then thePDE derives τ_(C) by subtracting τ_(T) from τ_(O). The relationshipbetween these values can be expressed as:

τ_(C)=τ_(O)−τ_(T)   (6)

The PDE then determines the position of the subscriber station from thecorrected time measurement τ_(C) and the repeater position (x_(R),y_(R), z_(R)). It uses these values to determine the position of thesubscriber station in lieu of the original time measurement τ_(O) andreference source position.

If the component signal was not relayed by a repeater, the PDEdetermines the location of the subscriber station from the uncorrectedtime measurement τ_(O) and reference source position.

Related systems are also described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasisinstead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the disclosedsubject matter. In the figures, like reference numerals designatecorresponding parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a repeater in a wirelesscommunications system relaying signals between a base station and asubscriber station.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the ambiguity that may beintroduced by a repeater into the process of determining the position ofa subscriber station.

FIG. 3A is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of calibrating arepeater.

FIG. 3B illustrates an example of the format of a database record forstoring the calibration parameters for a repeater.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example of measurement locations which may beemployed in the method of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4B illustrates an example where the measurement locations employedin the method of FIG. 3A are situated along a route driven by a vehicle.

FIG. 4C illustrates an example where the time measurements employed inthe method of FIG. 3A are concurrently derived from a plurality ofdispersed measurement locations.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example in which time measurements taken fromdifferent sets of measurement locations are used to calibrate differentrepeaters in a wireless communication system.

FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating the various components of apropagation time measurement for a signal relayed by a repeater.

FIG. 7A is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of determining theposition of a subscriber station in a wireless communications systememploying repeaters.

FIG. 7B is a flowchart of an implementation of the method of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system for calibratinga repeater in a wireless communications system.

FIG. 8B is an example format of a database record which may be employedin the system of FIG. 8A for storing one or more calibration parametersfor the repeater.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an implementation of a subscriber stationparticularly suited for use in a wireless communications systememploying repeaters.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example of a position determination system inwhich one or more calibration parameter for a repeater are stored in adatabase, and subsequently used for determining the positions ofsubscriber stations.

FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating calibration of a base stationaccording to an embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the term “memory” refers to any processor-readablemedium, including but not limited to RAM, ROM, EPROM, PROM, EEPROM,disk, floppy disk, hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD, or the like, on which may bestored a series of instructions executable by a processor.

The term “processor” refers to any device capable of executing a seriesof software instructions and includes, without limitation, a general- orspecial-purpose microprocessor, finite state machine, controller,computer, or digital signal processor.

FIG. 3A is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of calibrating arepeater in a wireless communications system. In step 302, a signalrelayed by a repeater is received at a plurality of differentmeasurement locations. Step 304 follows step 302. In step 304, timemeasurements are derived from each of the measurement locations. Eachtime measurement represents the time between transmission of the signalby an originating transmitter and arrival of the signal at themeasurement location (commonly referred to as the “propagation time”).

From step 304, the method proceeds to step 306. In step 306, one or morecalibration parameters for the repeater are derived from (a) the timemeasurements, and (b) the positions of the measurement locations.

This method may be further explained with reference to FIG. 4A, whichillustrates an example of a wireless communications system in which asignal from base station 402 is transmitted over transmission medium 406to repeater 404. Transmission medium 406 is any medium capable oftransmitting the signal from transmitter 402, including by way ofexample and not limitation, an optical fiber, a conventional wirelinelink, or a wireless link.

Repeater 404 receives the signal, amplifies it and re-transmits it overa wireless communications link. The repeater 404 re-transmits the signalover a coverage area which includes measurement locations 408 a, 408 b,408 c, and 408 d. A measuring device (not shown) at each of themeasurement locations receives the signal as transmitted by base station402 and relayed by repeater 404. The device then derives timemeasurements from the received signals. The time measurements arerepresentative of the time elapsed between transmission of the signal bythe base station 402 and arrival of the signal at the measurementlocation. These time measurements include the repeater self-delay anddonor base station/repeater forward link delay.

Thus, in FIG. 4A, the time measurement derived at measurement location408 a is representative of the time between transmission of the signalby base station 402, and arrival of the signal at measurement location408 a. Similarly, the time measurement derived at measurement location408 b is representative of the time between transmission of the signalby base station 402, and arrival of the signal at measurement location408 b. The same applies to measurement locations 408 c and 408 d.

In one example, the signal relayed by a repeater is a pilot signal thatoriginates from a base station in a CDMA wireless communications system.The pilot signal comprises a carrier signal modulated with a repeatingPN code uniquely identifying the base station that originated thesignal. A measuring device located at a measurement location first tunesto the pilot channel of the CDMA system, and then attempts to acquirethe pilot signal being transmitted by the base station.

The measuring device attempts to acquire the signal by correlating thereceived signal with the PN code for the donor base station over a rangeof code phase shift hypotheses and over a range of Doppler frequencyshift hypotheses. Each correlation is performed over an integration timeI, that is the product of N_(C) and M, where N_(C) is the coherentintegration time, and M is the number of coherent integrations that arenon-coherently combined to form the correlation value.

The device then locates the peak in the correlation function thatcorresponds to a line of sight transmission by the repeater. In oneimplementation, the PN code of the donor base station is known, and themeasurement locations are located far enough from the donor base stationthat a line sight transmission from the donor base station cannot bedetected at the measuring device. The earliest “non-sidelobe” peak inthe correlation function thus represents the line of sight transmissionfrom the repeater. It will be understood by those skilled in the artthat a sidelobe is a relatively small peak occurs close to, and isrelated to, another relatively larger peak.

The device derives a time measurement from the location of the earlynon-sidelobe peak along the code phase dimension of the correlationfunction. A system time reference is obtained from a GPS receiverincluded in the device. The system time reference is used to adjust thetime measurement so that the time measurement is in terms of systemtime.

The positions of the measurement locations are derived by the GPSreceiver included with the device. The time measurements and positionsof the measurement locations are then provided to a positiondetermination entity (PDE). The PDE determines the calibrationparameters for the repeater 404 responsive to this information.Alternatively, the subscriber station determines its own calibrationparameters, or the collected data is stored for further processing atlater time to determine the calibration parameters.

In one implementation, the calibration parameters for the repeater 404include a time correction for the repeater and the position of therepeater. In this implementation, an inverse triangulation procedure isused to derive the time correction for and position of the repeater fromtime measurements taken at four different measurement locations. Thesefour time measurements may be referred to as m_(i), 1≦i≦4. The positionsof the corresponding measurement locations may be referred to as (x_(i),y_(i), z_(i)), 1≦i≦4.

Each of the time measurements represents the time between transmissionof the signal by the originating transmitter and arrival of the signalat the measurement location. Included are the repeater self-delay anddonor base station/repeater forward link delay. Thus, in FIG. 6, thetime measurement m_(i) is the time between time of transmission 602 andtime of arrival 604, and can be expressed as:

m _(i)=Δ+τ₁+τ_(R)+τ_(2i)   (7)

where:

-   -   Δ=offset between system time and time at the originating (donor)        transmitter    -   τ₁=the forward link delay between the originating transmitter        and the repeater    -   τ_(R)=the repeater self delay    -   τ_(2i)=the forward link delay between the repeater and receiver        at measurement location i

Assuming that the position of the repeater has the unknown coordinates(x_(R), y_(R), z_(R)), the relationship between the time measurement thecoordinates of the position of the repeater, and the coordinates of theposition of the measurement location i may be expressed as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{m_{i} = {\Delta + \tau_{1} + \tau_{R} + {\frac{1}{c}\sqrt{\left( {x_{i} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{i} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{i} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

where c is the speed of light.

Note that (8) represents four separate equations, one for each of themeasurement locations. These four equations can be solved for fourunknowns. These four unknowns consist of the coordinates of the positionof the repeater (x_(R), y_(R), z_(R)), and the time correction τ_(T)associated with the repeater, where τ_(T)=Δ+τ₁+τ_(R).

In one implementation example, these four equations are differenced toform the following three equations:

$\begin{matrix}{{c\left( {m_{2} - m_{1}} \right)} = {\sqrt{\left( {x_{2} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{2} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{2} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}} - \sqrt{\left( {x_{1} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{1} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{1} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}} & (9) \\{{c\left( {m_{3} - m_{1}} \right)} = {\sqrt{\left( {x_{3} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{3} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{3} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}} - \sqrt{\left( {x_{1} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{1} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{1} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}} & (10) \\{{c\left( {m_{4} - m_{1}} \right)} = {\sqrt{\left( {x_{4} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{4} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{4} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}} - \sqrt{\left( {x_{1} - x_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{1} - y_{R}} \right)^{2} + \left( {z_{1} - z_{R}} \right)^{2}}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

Solving equations (9), (10) and (11) yields (x_(R), y_(R), z_(R)), thecoordinates of the location of the repeater. Substituting thesecoordinates into any of the four equations represented by equation (8)yields the time correction τ_(T).

The time correction τ_(T) for the repeater cannot be decomposed throughthe foregoing method into its constituent pieces. However, from thestandpoint of position location determination, this does not constitutea problem, because it is not necessary to decompose this parameter intoits constituent pieces for accurate position determination.

A number of approaches are possible for collecting the time measurementsm_(i), 1≦i≦4 and the positions (x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)), 1≦i≦4 that formthe inputs to the equations (8) above.

In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 4B, a vehicle is driven along apath 420. The measurement locations 408 a, 408 b, 408 c, and 408 d arearbitrary locations situated along the path 420. The positions of thesemeasurement locations are not known a priori.

A measuring device (not shown) accompanies the vehicle. The deviceincludes a GPS receiver. As the vehicle is driven along the path 420,each of the measurement locations is successively encountered. A timemeasurement is derived by the measuring device at each such measurementlocation. In addition, a system time reference and position of eachmeasurement location is obtained from the GPS receiver included in thedevice. The system time reference is used to adjust the timemeasurements so they are in terms of system time.

In a second embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 4C, a plurality ofsubscriber stations 422 a, 422 b, 422 c and 422 d are situated atdispersed measurement locations 408 a, 408 b, 408 c, and 408 d. A systemtime reference is derived from a GPS receiver located in the subscriberstation. In addition, the position of the measurement location isobtained from the GPS receiver. A time measurement is derived by thesubscriber station from a signal relayed by the repeater. The timemeasurement for the location is adjusted by the system time reference soit is terms of system time.

In a third embodiment, the locations of the measurement locations arepredetermined, and thus known beforehand. Fixed measuring devices aremounted at each of the measurement locations. Each device determines atime measurement from a signal relayed by the repeater. A system timereference is obtained and used to adjust the time measurements that areused in the calibration process.

The method of FIG. 3A may be applied to calibrate multiple repeaters ina wireless communications system. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of thisprocess. Time measurements and positional information for each of themeasurement locations 506 a(1), 506 b(1), 506 c(1), and 506 d(1) areused to calibrate repeater 504 a. Similarly, time measurements andpositional information for each of the measurement locations 506 a(2),506 b(2), 506 c(2), and 506 d(2) are used to calibrate repeater 504 b.

Note that, in the particular example illustrated in FIG. 5, there is nooverlap between the measurement locations 506 a(1), 506 b(1), 506 c(1),and 506 d(1) used for calibrating repeater 504 a and the measurementlocations 506 a(2), 506 b(2), 506 c(2), and 506 d(2) used forcalibrating repeater 504 b. However, it should be appreciated thatembodiments are possible where there is complete or partial overlap inthese locations. Moreover, since the pilot signals originating from basestations 504 a, 504 b are modulated with different PN codes, a timemeasurement for both signals can be derived by the same measuring devicelocated at a single measurement location.

Referring back to FIG. 3A, in optional step 308, the one or morecalibration parameters are stored for subsequent use in determining thepositions of subscriber stations. In one implementation, the one or morecalibration parameters comprise a time correction for and position ofthe repeater. These two values are embodied as a database record that isindexed by the PN code of the donor base station. Similar records arepresent in the database for all repeaters in the network. Each of therecords is indexed with the PN code for the corresponding donor basestation. The result is an almanac for all repeaters in the network thatis updated every time a calibration procedure is performed. To ensurethat the almanac is up to date, the calibration procedure is preferablyperformed periodically or at least every time a change is made to thenetwork, such as the addition of a repeater. In one embodiment, thedatabase is accessible to a PDE that determines the positions ofsubscriber stations. In an alternative embodiment, the database isaccessible to subscriber stations that determine their own positions.

FIG. 7A illustrates an embodiment of a method for determining thelocation of a subscriber station in a wireless communications systememploying repeaters.

The method begins with step 702. Step 702 comprises deriving a timemeasurement from a received signal. The received signal is generally acomposite of several component signals transmitted by reference sourcesvisible to the receiver, but can comprise only a single component. Thetime measurement is representative of the time between transmission ofone of the component signals by the corresponding reference source, andarrival of the signal at the receiver.

From step 702, the method proceeds to step 704. In step 704, the methodanalyzes the “signature” of the composite signal to determine whether ornot the component signal was relayed by a repeater.

In general, the “signature” of the composite signal comprises (a) thenumber of component signals visible to the receiver; (b) characteristicsof each component, (c) the relative strength of these signals, and (d)the relative delay of these signals. The “signature” of the compositesignal preferably conveys information sufficient to determine whether arepeater relayed the component signal.

In one implementation, the component signals are pilot signals, and the“signature” of the composite signal includes: (1) the total number ofpilot signals visible to the receiver, (2) characteristics of each pilotsignal, (3) their relative signal strength, and (4) their relative timesof arrival at the receiver. The detection of other pilots at thereceiver generally identifies the donor cell as the immediate source ofthe received signal. On the other hand, the lack of any other pilots atthe receiver generally identifies the repeater as the immediate sourceof the component signal. A certain pattern of pilots from other cells,their relative signal strength and time of arrivals can be used to ruleout or identify specific repeaters.

For example, if there is an overlap in coverage area between the donorcell and the repeater, and the receiver is present in this area ofoverlap, the line of sight (LOS) signal received directly from the donorcell and that relayed by the repeater are marked with the same PN code.Consequently, both signals will give rise to peaks in the correlationfunction. If neither signal is subject to multi-path, the peak in thecorrelation function due to the repeater will be delayed relative tothat due to the LOS signal. The peak resulting from the repeater canthus be identified on the basis of this relative delay.

As a second example, if the LOS signal from the donor cell is subject tomulti-path, it may be difficult to distinguish the peaks due tomulti-path from the peak due to the repeater. However, this ambiguitycan be resolved during the design and deployment phase by ensuring thatthe delay due to transmission through the repeater exceeds thatassociated with any multi-path produced by the RF environment. In thiscase, the repeater will leave a signature footprint in the correlationfunction in the form of a peak that is delayed beyond that due tomulti-path.

As a third example, if there is only a single peak in the correlationfunction for the PN code in question, and no other pilots are visible tothe receiver, it can be assumed that the receiver is in an area that isonly accessible to signals relayed by the repeater. The single peak atthe PN code in question can therefore be assumed to be due to arepeater.

As a fourth example, the calibration parameters for a particular PN codecan be used to determine whether a repeater relayed a particularcomponent signal. More specifically, if the time correction τ_(T) forthe PN code greatly exceeds the corrected time measurement derived usingthis time correction, it can be assumed that a repeater relayed thecomponent signal.

Returning to FIG. 7A, from step 704, the method proceeds to step 706. Instep 706, the method queries whether a repeater relayed the componentsignal. If so, step 708 is performed. In step 708, the method comprisesobtaining one or more calibration parameters for the repeater. In oneimplementation, this step comprises retrieving pre-determinedcalibration parameters from a database. In one example, these values areobtained by retrieving these parameters from a database record using thePN code of the donor cell as an index to the database. In a secondimplementation, this step comprises determining these parameters “on thefly.”

From step 708, the method proceeds to step 710. Step 710 comprisesdetermining the position of the subscriber station from the one or morecalibration parameters obtained in step 708.

In step 706, if the received signal was not relayed by a repeater, step712 is performed. In step 712, the position of the subscriber station isdetermined from the time measurement derived in step 702, and theposition of the originating transmitter.

FIG. 7B illustrates an implementation of the method of FIG. 7B. Steps702, 704, 706, and 712 were already explained in the context of FIG. 7A.Only steps 720-724 are explained here.

In step 720, a time correction for and the position of the repeater areobtained. In one implementation, these parameters are retrieved from adatabase using the PN code of the donor cell as an index.

From step 720, the method proceeds to step 722. Step 722 comprisescorrecting the time measurement derived in step 714 using the timecorrection for the repeater obtained in step 720. In one implementation,this step comprises subtracting the time correction τ_(T) from the timemeasurement τ_(O) to form a corrected time measurement τ_(C), whereτ_(C)=τ_(O)−τ_(T).

From step 722, the method proceeds to step 724. There, the position ofthe subscriber station is determined from the corrected time measurementτ_(C) and the position of the repeater.

FIG. 8A illustrates an embodiment of a system for calibrating one ormore parameters for a repeater in a wireless communications system. Thesystem comprises a processor 810 that is configured to determine the oneor more calibration parameters for the repeater from time measurementsand measurement location positions obtained through any of thepreviously discussed methods.

In one implementation, the processor is located within a PDE, and isconfigured to determine a time correction and position of the repeaterby solving the four equations represented by (8) above. In thisimplementation, the processor 810 is configured to derive the parametersby executing software in the form of a series of instructions stored inmemory 812.

In one implementation, once these parameters have been determined, theprocessor 810 is configured to store them as a record in database 814,indexed using the PN code of the donor cell.

The record has the format shown in FIG. 8B. Field 816 is the PN code ofthe donor cell. Field 818 is the time correction for the repeater. Field820 is the position of the repeater.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a subscriber station that is particularlysuited for use in a wireless communications system employing repeaters.

Processor 902 is configured to execute software instructions, and memory904 is configured to hold the software instructions and data that areaccessible by the processor 902.

Persistent storage 906 is configured to hold provisioning informationuseful for acquiring wireless communications services, and can beimplemented as a combination of devices such as a non-volatile EEPROMcombined with a SIM card.

Keypad 908 and display 910 are both typically provided as part of a userinterface. Similarly, microphone 912 and speaker 914 are both typicallyprovided to support use of the device for receiving and transmittingvoice.

Radio transceiver (Tx/Rx) 916 is provided for receiving and transmittinginformation over a wireless communications link. Modem 918 is providedfor modulating baseband information, such as voice or data, onto an RFcarrier, and demodulating a modulated RF carrier to obtain basebandinformation. Antenna 922 is provided for transmitting a modulated RFcarrier over a wireless communications link and receiving a modulated RFcarrier over a wireless communications link.

Correlator 920 is provided for deriving correlation functions from areceived signal comprising a composite of pilot signals transmitted byvarious reference sources visible to the subscriber station. For a givenPN code, the correlator 920 derives a correlation function bycorrelating the received signal with the PN code over a range of codephase shift hypotheses and a range of Doppler frequency shifthypotheses. It then locates a predetermined number of the peaks of thecorrelation function.

Processor 902 is configured to analyze this information to determine theearliest non-sidelobe peak of the correlation function. If such a peakis detected, the processor 902 is also configured to derive a timemeasurement from the location of this peak in the code phase dimension.If a system time reference is available, the processor 902 adjusts thetime reference using the system time reference so that the timemeasurement is in terms of system time.

Processor 902 is also configured to analyze the signature of thereceived signal to determine if the peak relates to a pilot signalreceived directly from the reference source or if it relates to a signalthat was relayed by a repeater. This process was previously described inrelation to FIG. 7A.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a system for determining the positionof a subscriber station in a wireless communication system employingrepeaters. Subscriber station 1002 receives signals transmitted by aplurality of reference sources 1004 a, 1004 b, 1004 c, and 1004 d,visible to the receiver in the subscriber station. As illustrated, thereference sources may be BTSs, GPS satellites, or combinations of BTSsand GPS satellites.

Each of the reference sources transmits a signal that is modulated withan identification code that uniquely identifies the reference source. Inone implementation, the identification codes are PN codes that maydiffer in length or periodicity according to the reference sourceinvolved. For IS-95 compliant CDMA systems, the PN code is a sequence of32,768 chips that is repeated every 26.67 msec. In current GPS systems,the PN code is a sequence of 1,023 chips. The sequence is repeated everyone millisecond.

The signals transmitted by reference sources 1004 a, 1004 b, and 1004 c,are all received directly by the subscriber station 1002. Thus, all areline of sight signals. However, the signal transmitted by base station1004 d is relayed by repeater 1006, and this is not a line of sightsignal from the standpoint of the donor cell 1004 d.

A database 1010 is accessible to position determination entity (PDE)1008. The database 1010 contains entries for each of the repeaters thatare present in the wireless communications system. Each of the entriescomprises a record that contains the position of and time correction forthe corresponding repeater. This information is derived using any of themethods for calibrating a repeater that have been previously discussed.Each entry is indexed using the PN code of the donor cell.

The subscriber station 1002 is equipped with a correlator that, inconjunction with related software executable by a processor within thesubscriber station, is configured to derive a time measurement for eachof the pilot signals. If a system time reference is available, thesubscriber station 1002 uses this information to adjust the timemeasurements so they are in terms of system time. Alternatively, thistask is performed by the PDE 1008.

The subscriber station 1002 then communicates the time measurements toPDE 1008. Upon receipt of this information, PDE 1008 checks thesignature of the composite signal to determine if any of the pilotsignals were relayed by a repeater. The process of analyzing thesignature of a composite signal to determine the immediate origin of acomposite signal was previously discussed in relation to the method ofFIG. 7A.

If a time measurement derived from a signal relayed by a repeater ispresent, then the PDE 1008 uses the PN code for the donor cell toretrieve the calibration parameters for the repeater from the database1010. In particular, the PDE 1010 retrieves a record containing the timecorrection for, and position of, the repeater. It then uses the timecorrection for the repeater to correct the time measurement. It alsosubstitutes the position of the repeater for that of the donor cell. Itperforms these adjustments for each of the time measurements determinedto involve signals relayed by a repeater.

It then determines the position of the subscriber station 1002 using thecorrected time measurements and updated positions. Again, in oneimplementation, known triangulation procedures are used to derive theposition of subscriber station 1002. Once determined, the position ofthe subscriber station 1002 may be communicated by the PDE 1008 to thesubscriber station 1002 or some other network entity.

Alternatively, the subscriber station 1002 determines its own positionusing the database of calibration parameters that is accessible by thesubscriber station 1002.

While various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have beendescribed, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artthat many more embodiments and implementations are possible.

In particular, embodiments are possible in which network entities otherthan repeaters may be calibrated through application of the methodsdescribed. For example, FIG. 11 illustrates the method of FIG. 3Aapplied to the process of calibrating a base station. Referring to FIG.6, the time correction for a base station will comprise the componentreferred to as Δ, the offset between system time and time as maintainedat the base station, but does not include the components referred to asτ₁ or τ_(R). Other than this difference, the approach for calibratingthe base station is identical to that described previously in relationto a repeater.

One or more signals are transmitted from BTS 1102 over a wirelesscommunications link. The transmission occurs over a coverage area thatincludes measurement locations 1104 a, 1104 bb, 1104 cc, and 1104 d. Areceiver (not shown) at each of the measurement locations receives asignal as transmitted by BTS 1102.

A time measurement is derived from the signal received at each of themeasurement locations. In one implementation, the time measurement isrepresentative of the travel time between BTS 1102 and the receiver(commonly referred to as the “propagation time”). Thus, in the exampleillustrated in FIG. 11, the time measurement derived at measurementlocation 1104 a is representative of the propagation time from BTS 1102to measurement location 1104 a. Similarly, the time measurement derivedat measurement location 1104 b is representative of the propagation timefrom BTS 1102 to measurement location 1104 b. The same applies tomeasurement locations 1104 c and 1104 d.

One or more calibration parameters for BTS 1102 are then determinedresponsive to the time measurements and the locations of the measurementlocations. In one implementation, the calibration parameters for BTS1102 comprise a time correction for and position of BTS 1102. Theseparameters are determined from the time measurements and positions ofthe measurement locations using the equations (8) referred topreviously.

Embodiments are also possible in which the calibration parameters areused for determining the positions of subscriber stations in anyposition determination system, including without limitation terrestrialsystems, network-based or subscriber station based terrestrial systems,GPS satellite systems, or hybrids thereof. Moreover, any method ofposition determination may be employed, including without limitationAOA, TOA, cell ID, with or without TA or RTD enhancements, E-OTD, OTDOA,or A-GPS, with or without IPDL, TA-IPDL, or OTDOA-PE modifications.

Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except by theappended claims.

1. A method of analyzing a signal received at a subscriber station in a wireless communications system, the method comprising: receiving a composite signal at the subscriber station, the composite signal having a signature and comprising one or more component signals; and determining from the signature of the composite signal whether a component signal was relayed by a repeater.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining an immediate origin of the composite signal based on whether the component signal was relayed by a repeater.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: obtaining one or more calibration parameters for the repeater if the component signal was relayed by the repeater; and determining the position of the subscriber station based at least in part on the one or more calibration parameters for the repeater.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more calibration parameters comprise a time correction for the repeater, and the position of the repeater.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the component signal originates with a reference source.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the reference source is a base station in a wireless communications system or a GPS satellite, or wherein the one or more calibration parameters are retrieved using a PN code for the reference source.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the time correction for the repeater comprises a time correction τ_(T), and wherein a time measurement τ_(O) is derived from the component signal, the time measurement representing the time between transmission of the signal by the reference source, and receipt of the signal by the subscriber station, and this time measurement is corrected using the time correction τ_(T) for the repeater to form a corrected time measurement τ_(C), where τ_(C)=τ_(O)−τ_(T).
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein a position of the subscriber station is determined from the corrected time measurement τ_(C) and position of the repeater in lieu of the time measurement τ_(O) and position of the reference source.
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more calibration parameters are retrieved from a memory or a database, the database including one or more calibration parameters for a plurality of repeaters.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the signature of the composite signal includes the number of component signals visible to the subscriber station, the relative strength of the component signals visible to the subscriber station, or the relative time of arrivals of the composite signals visible to the subscriber station.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the signals are all pilot signals.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises deriving a correlation function from the composite signal, identifying one or more peaks in the correlation function, deriving a time measurement from a peak in the correlation function, and analyzing the signature of the composite signal to determine if the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising providing an indication whether the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater.
 14. A system for analyzing a signal received at a subscriber station in a wireless communications system, the system comprising: a receiver configured to receive a composite signal at the subscriber station, the composite signal having a signature and comprising one or more component signals; and a processor configured to determine from the signature of the composite signal whether a component signal was relayed by a repeater.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to determine an immediate origin of the composite signal based on whether the component signal was relayed by a repeater.
 16. The system of claim 14, further comprising an entity configured to obtain one or more calibration parameters for the repeater if the component signal was relayed by the repeater, and to determine the position of the subscriber station based at least in part on the one or more calibration parameters for the repeater.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the one or more calibration parameters comprise a time correction for the repeater, and the position of the repeater.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the component signal originates with a reference source.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the reference source is a base station in a wireless communications system or a GPS satellite, or wherein the one or more calibration parameters are retrieved using a PN code for the reference source.
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the time correction for the repeater comprises a time correction τ_(T), wherein a time measurement τ_(O) is derived from the component signal, the time measurement representing the time between transmission of the signal by the reference source, and receipt of the signal by the subscriber station, and wherein the entity is configured to correct this time measurement using the time correction τ_(T) for the repeater to form a corrected time measurement τ_(C), where τ_(C)=τ_(O)−τ_(T).
 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the entity is configured to determine a position of the subscriber station from the corrected time measurement τ_(C) and position of the repeater in lieu of the time measurement τ_(O) and position of the reference source.
 22. The system of claim 16, further comprising a memory or database, wherein the entity is configured to retrieve the one or more calibration parameters from a memory or a database, the database including one or more calibration parameters for a plurality of repeaters.
 23. The system of claim 14, wherein the signature of the composite signal includes the number of component signals visible to the subscriber station, the relative strength of the component signals visible to the subscriber station, or the relative time of arrivals of the composite signals visible to the subscriber station.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the signals are all pilot signals.
 25. The system of claim 14, further comprising a correlator configured to derive a correlation function from the composite signal and identify one or more peaks in the correlation function, wherein the processor is configured to derive a time measurement from a peak in the correlation function and analyze the signature of the composite signal to determine if the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater.
 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the processor is further configured to provide an indication whether the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater.
 27. A system, comprising: means for receiving a composite signal at a subscriber station, the composite signal having a signature and comprising one or more component signals; and means for determining from the signature of the composite signal whether a component signal was relayed by a repeater.
 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the means for determining comprises a correlator for deriving a correlation function from the signal, and identifying one or more peaks in the correlation function, and a processor configured to derive a time measurement from a peak in the correlation function, analyze the signature of the signal to determine if the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater, and provide an indication whether the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater.
 29. The system of claim 27, further comprising: means for obtaining one or more calibration parameters for the repeater if the component signal was relayed by the repeater; and means for determining the position of the subscriber station based at least in part on the one or more calibration parameters for the repeater.
 30. The system of claim 29, wherein the means for obtaining or the means for determining the position is a position determination entity.
 31. The system of claim 29, wherein the means for obtaining or the means for determining the position is a subscriber station.
 32. A processor-readable medium comprising instructions executable by a processor, the instructions comprising: instructions for receiving a composite signal at a subscriber station, the composite signal having a signature and comprising one or more component signals; and instructions for determining from the signature of the composite signal whether a component signal was relayed by a repeater.
 33. The processor-readable medium of claim 32, further comprising instructions for determining an immediate origin of the composite signal based on whether the component signal was relayed by a repeater.
 34. The processor-readable medium of claim 32, comprising instructions for deriving a correlation function from the signal, instructions for identifying one or more peaks in the correlation function, instructions for deriving a time measurement from a peak in the correlation function, instructions for analyzing the signature of the signal to determine if the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater, and instructions for providing an indication whether the peak relates to a signal that was relayed by a repeater.
 35. The processor-readable medium of claim 32, further comprising: instructions for obtaining one or more calibration parameters for the repeater if the component signal was relayed by the repeater; and instructions for determining the position of the subscriber station based at least in part on the one or more calibration parameters for the repeater. 